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Sustainability Trends in Data Centers Although more and more data centers have become more conscious of sustainability over the past decade, data centers remain one of the world's largest consumers of electricity as data demand is growing exponentially. According to the EU JRC, the information and communication technology (ICT) sector, including data centers, generates 2% of global CO2 emissions. According to the Mandipiai (MDPI) journal, its share of CO2 emissions is expected to rise to 8 percent by 2030 if no further measures are taken. For data centers, the electricity used to operate equipment and cool facilities accounts for about 86% of the total data center energy consumption, with cooling alone accounting for 40%. According to Hong Kong IDC New Horizon Interconnection, under pressure from multiple sources including regulators, investors and consumers, the data center industry has taken action to study and adopt sustainable operating models in an attempt to limit its impact on climate change. Many data center companies, led by massive corporations such as Google, Microsoft and Amazon, have also made commitments to operate data centers with renewable or carbon-free energy by 2025 and plan to achieve climate neutrality by 2030. According to a recent study by Global Market Insights, the green data center market is expected to be valued at more than $175 billion (approximately RMB 1.2 trillion) by 2030. Data centers reflect the ratio of total data center energy consumption to IT load energy consumption through the energy efficiency index (PUE), and the closer the PUE value is to 1, the more efficient the energy use is. Data centers take up 3% of the world's electricity, how should the energy problem be solved? In order to bring data center PUE closer to 1 and move closer to sustainable data centers, whether building new data centers or converting old buildings into data centers, there may be PUE requirements for data centers around the world in recent years to design data centers from the perspective of energy saving and using renewable energy. Singapore, for example, has thus implemented a data center ban from 2019 and did not open its green data center pilot program until July this year, with new data centers required to meet sustainability regulations to keep PUE below 1.3. Data Center Sustainability Trends 1. Finding Alternative Alternatives to Diesel Fuel Data centers need to be equipped with backup diesel generators to deal with unexpected situations such as power outages. Today, many data center operators are trying to reduce their reliance on diesel and looking for greener alternatives. Many data centers today are exploring hydrogen-powered fuel cells as an alternative to backup generators. While current technology does not yet guarantee the reliability of hydrogen fuel cells as a complete replacement for diesel generators, it is still worthwhile to continue research and development of the technology because hydrogen fuel cells produce zero emissions and its only byproduct as a fuel is water. As many as 37 percent of data center managers are currently considering implementing this technology in the coming year. In September, Equinix partnered with the Centre for Energy Research and Technology (CERT) at the National University of Singapore's (NUS) School of Design and Engineering to test hydrogen fuel cell power for a local data center, and in December, Dutch data center company NorthC developed the Eindhoven data center in the Netherlands, a facility that will use natural gas or hydrogen as an alternative to traditional diesel power generation. The facility will use natural gas or hydrogen as an alternative to traditional diesel power generation. 2. Renewable Energy The use of renewable energy sources is not only beneficial to the sustainability of data centers, but can also help them overcome the challenges posed by the energy crisis, with solar and wind power being more commonly adopted in data centers. Some hyper-scale enterprises have also started to purchase renewable energy to power their data centers. In September, Digital Realty signed a 650 GWh wind-based renewable energy deal with a Spanish renewable energy company, and in November, Google signed power purchase agreements (PPAs) in Texas and Spain, acquiring 942 MW and 149 MW of solar energy, respectively, to power local data centers. In the same month, Microsoft signed an agreement in Canada to purchase 543 GWh of wind power per year. 3. More Efficient Airflow Management While data centers cool equipment through air-cooled systems, airflow management means maximizing cooling efficiency and energy savings by minimizing contact between the cold air used to cool the server room and the waste heat in the facility. Therefore, it is a higher requirement for data center design to enable the facility to better manage the heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems so that airflow management becomes a virtuous cycle. 4. Cooling technologies for high-density computing As applications such as artificial intelligence and cryptographic computing that require large amounts of high-density computing become more popular, this means that traditional cooling methods in data centers may no longer be efficient. According to Gartner, a global consulting firm, liquid cooling is 3,000 times more efficient than air cooling. According to marketsandmarkets' forecast for the data center liquid cooling market, the market has grown rapidly in recent years and is expected to grow at an even higher rate in the coming years, from $2.1 billion (about RMB 14.6 billion) in 2022 to $6.4 billion (about RMB 44.6 billion) in 2027, a compound annual growth rate of 24.8%. 5. Saving Data Center Energy Costs with AI Identifying energy waste through smart sensors and deploying software to manage energy consumption will be more effective than manually monitoring power and can minimize PUE. There are already cases of using AI to assist data centers in reducing energy consumption today. Google saved 40% of energy for its data center in 2016 through its AI DeepMind. 6. Waste heat utilization Data centers hosting more powerful and intensive computing means more heat will be emitted, and how to deal with this waste heat is a challenge for data centers to consider. In the current case of data center waste heat utilization, using the waste heat for district heating for the local area or using the heat for crop farming nearby is a good direction. For example, QTS recently chose to connect its Groningen data center in the Netherlands to a local heating project, providing 2.5MW of waste heat generated by the data center. In addition, there is also the Hokkaido Mizaka Data Center in Japan, which heats air and water with heat generated by servers in order to try to grow food such as mushrooms, Japanese mustard spinach, coffee beans, abalone and sea urchin. Overall, while data centers continue to have significant power consumption problems, it's easy to see that in recent years, major data center operators have been making efforts to meet their climate and carbon neutrality commitments by trying to operate in a more sustainable manner.

As the world becomes more and more accustomed to digital remote means to meet the demands of work and life, we need to keep upgrading IT and network capacity, which means building more data centers. As the core of the future digital world, the number and scale of data centers have been growing rapidly. National and local governments are also intensively introducing relevant policies to regulate their construction and operation in order to achieve the goal of efficient and sustainable development. I. Data Center Industry Continues to Grow Steadily The fourth industrial revolution driven by digital technology is bringing profound changes to human production and life, and data centers, as the physical base for carrying various digital technology applications, are gradually highlighting their industry-enabling value. Internationally, major countries around the world are actively guiding the development of data center industry, and the scale of data center market is expanding, with active investment and mergers and acquisitions, and increasingly fierce competition. Domestically, the development of the "new infrastructure" and the construction target of Digital China in the 14th Five-Year Plan have provided important guidance for the construction of China's digital infrastructure, and the development of China's data center industry has entered a new stage, with the scale of data centers steadily increasing and the pattern of low-carbon, high-quality and coordinated development. The scale of data center industry in China has steadily increased, and a pattern of low-carbon, high-quality and coordinated development is gradually taking shape. (1) In terms of scale, the number of new data centers worldwide is relatively stable, while China maintains rapid growth. Global data center additions are relatively stable. According to the annual increase of global servers, the scale of new servers put into use from 2015 to 2021 is relatively stable, and the net added value is also relatively stable, and the scale of data centers is expected to maintain steady growth in the next few years, as shown in Figure 1. China's data center rack scale continues to grow steadily, and the scale of data centers above large scale is growing rapidly. In recent years, the scale of data center racks in China has been growing steadily. According to the standard rack 2.5kW, by the end of 2021, the scale of data center racks in use in China will reach 5.2 million racks, with an average annual compound growth rate of over 30% in the past five years. Among them, the rack size of data centers above large scale is growing more rapidly, with 4.2 million racks according to the standard rack 2.5kW, accounting for 80% of the rack size. (2) Revenue, the global market is growing steadily, and China maintains a high growth rate In terms of data center market revenue, the global data center market size will exceed US$67.9 billion1 in 2021, up 9.8% from 2020. The market revenue is expected to reach $74.6 billion in 2022, with an overall stable growth rate, as shown in Figure 3. Driven by national policies such as new infrastructure, digital transformation and Digital China Vision, as well as enterprise demand for cost reduction and efficiency improvement, China's data center business revenue continues to grow at a high rate. In 2021, the market revenue of China's data center industry will reach about 150 billion RMB2, with an average annual compound growth rate of 30.69% in the past three years. (3) Demand, strong demand in emerging markets and diverse application scenarios in China The "Digital India" plan launched in 2015 provides a continuous boost to India's digital development, and the construction of large data centers is an important part of the plan. In 2021, South Africa's Department of Communications and Digital Technology released a draft National Data and Cloud Policy, which provides guidelines for the construction of a National High Performance Computing and Data Processing Center, which will be a merger of the existing Sentech and Broadband Infraco data centers, and will provide cloud services to all levels of government, enterprises and universities. These data centers will provide cloud services to all levels of government, enterprises and universities. The government-led data center construction will lay a solid foundation for the development of South Africa's digital economy. In terms of market, India is becoming increasingly rich in smart devices and digital consumption scenarios, with a surge in demand for data reckoning and storage, while the intensification of the new crown epidemic has shifted more offline business activities to online. Multinational companies remain optimistic about the development of India's digital economy and are strengthening their digital service capabilities through data center construction. Amazon is investing $2.8 billion in 2020 to establish a new service area in Telangana, India, which will be Amazon's second cloud computing region in India. (4) Competition, Expanding Arena, M&A to Drive Stronger Players In order to enrich business sources, the top data center operators are actively expanding outside their home markets and expanding their industrial footprints. Basic telecom operators, such as China Telecom, China Mobile, CenturyLink and NTT Communications, and third-party data center operators, such as Equinix, Digital Reality Trust and Universal Data, have already held large-scale data center resources in the local market by virtue of their early start in construction. In the course of their development, basic telecom operators and third-party data center operators have relied on their resources, capital and technological R&D advantages to accelerate their data center deployment globally by cultivating their own brands, expanding international marketing channels and providing a full range of data center services. For example, Equinix, the world's leading data center operator, has data centers in Singapore, Hong Kong, Tokyo, Sydney, and Jakarta; UP Data will have a preliminary market presence in Southeast Asia by 2021 and will invest in mega data center parks in Malaysia and Indonesia; and China Mobile International Limited (CMI) will commission its data center in Frankfurt, Germany, by 2021. The global data center arena will further expand as more and more giant companies move beyond their local markets and actively expand their data center footprints.

Reviewing 2021, along with the digital economy, the explosive growth of data volume is driving the expansion of the data center industry, and at the same time, data centers are developing in a more energy-efficient and low-carbon direction. 2022 has already started, what kind of changes will happen in the development of data centers? What aspects will undergo more in-depth innovative changes? Which technologies will reach wider application popularity? And what will be the overall development trend? 1.Data center will be green and integrated Looking back on the past 2021, it was really an extraordinary year, especially for the IDC industry, we saw that the epidemic was still raging around the world, and the sharp rise in coal costs caused an unprecedented power shortage, which in turn led to a significant increase in electricity prices. At the same time, the country released the "East is West" plan, and China announced to the world an epic energy revolution policy: carbon neutral and carbon peak, 2021, these drastic changes bring huge challenges to the IDC industry. At the same time, change also means opportunity, and IDC companies need to dynamically adapt to the external environment and policies to begin with the end in mind and seek a path to long-term stable development. For the coming 22 years, the IDC industry is mainly adapting to changes and constantly adjusting its own strategy for the year, and needs to continuously create value for customers with its own advantages and continuous innovation. In 2022, the digital economy will become the main line of global economic development. As the infrastructure of the digital economy, data centers play a fundamental role in supporting the take-off of the digital economy, and with the further development of the digital economy, the growth of data center demand is bound to be driven. However, while growing, we also need to pay attention to our national guidance on the healthy development of the data center industry. 2022, green, low-carbon and energy-saving will become the most core keywords for the sustainable development of data centers. 2.Data centers will develop rapidly and comprehensively, and continue to change and innovate Looking back to 2021, driven by both policy and demand, the industrial scale of China's IDC has approached 100 billion, the market investment scale has rapidly increased, and China's data center has officially stepped into the era of traffic enhancement. meta-universe is also exceptionally hot in 2021, and major central enterprises, unicorns and head Internet enterprises have entered meta-universe, and the importance of data assets and data center has been significantly increased again. Then, 2022 will be a year when the digital economy is riding high and the IDC industry will develop rapidly. In 2022, the whole data center industry will move from resource-driven to innovation-driven, and the data center market will enter the value competition stage. Medium and high density cabinets, elastic architecture, low carbon and energy saving, rapid deployment, AI intelligent operation and maintenance, security and trustworthiness will also be the main trends in the evolution of data center technology.

Characteristics of liquid cooling method 3.1 Make full use of the natural cooling source, energy-saving effect is obvious Liquid-cooled cabinet can make full use of the outdoor cooling source. Liquid-cooled cabinets in addition to cold plate liquid cooling, general spray and submerged liquid cooling of the server side in and out of the coolant temperature of 40 ℃ ~ 45 ℃, while the ambient temperature of the outside of the room can generally meet the requirements of the coolant cooling, spray and submerged liquid cooling can all use outdoor cold sources for server cooling, the overall PUE effect to improve significantly, and can make full use of natural cold sources, energy-saving effect is extremely The overall PUE is significantly improved, and natural cooling sources can be fully utilized, resulting in significant energy savings. The PUE of all three liquid cooling methods can reach below 1.2, especially the spray and submerged liquid cooling system is more obvious, saving about 20% of air conditioning power compared to air cooling, plus the elimination of the internal fan of the server, the IT part of the power can save 13% to 25%, the overall energy saving effect is more than 40%. For the current carbon emission, submerged and sprayed liquid cooling has a high temperature on its output water side, which has the value of waste heat recovery and utilization. If combined with partial waste heat utilization, the energy saving effect will have a significant space for improvement, and also can reduce the carbon emission intensity of the overall data center. 3.2 Low noise can be achieved in the server room The noise in the server room mainly comes from the server fans. According to the current national regulations, the noise value measured at the main operator position in the manned mainframe room and auxiliary area should be less than 65dB(A) when the electronic information equipment is down. As large data centers continue to emerge, it is becoming common for data centers with host rooms containing hundreds of network devices in size. When these devices are working at the same time, most of the noise is close to or exceeds 65dB, which is the noise value tested under normal operation and 50% to 60% load of the equipment, and can only be higher if working at full speed with adjustable fan speed. When the environmental noise exceeds 80dB, personnel have been unable to work in the environment for a long time, and the laws of Europe and the United States also provide that if the noise in the workplace reaches 80dB to 85dB, the corresponding occupational protection must be provided. Even if the cold plate type liquid cooling is used, the general fan works at a lower speed and the noise is lower than the conventional air-cooled form, so the noise value is greatly improved. In addition, due to its own characteristics, the liquid cooling system reduces the part of conventional cold sources (such as chillers, air conditioning outdoor units, etc.), which can also largely reduce the noise impact on the environment, and is relatively easy and friendly for the arrangement of the data center and the surrounding environment. 3.3 Small footprint Due to the simple structure of liquid cooling system, it can make full use of natural cooling source and reduce the layout of conventional data center's cooling source and ancillary equipment and pipeline, the system is simple and occupies a small area, plus the general liquid cooling cabinet can achieve high power density, which can realize 10~50kW power, saving a larger area than conventional. 3.4 Flexible system layout transformation Due to the small footprint of liquid cooling system, the simplicity of the system, the advantage of using natural cooling source, and the possibility of achieving high power density, the convenience can be greatly improved for the transformation or expansion of the data center. 3.5 Low environmental requirements for server rooms For submerged and cold plate type liquid cooling system server room, there is no positive pressure requirement for the server room, and there is no additional requirement for the neatness of the server room, and the requirement for the decoration of the server room such as wall and floor is low. Moreover, as the environment of the server room is mainly to meet the needs of personnel maintenance. The number of precision air conditioners and the arrangement of air conditioning rooms are reduced, and conventional air-cooled ends can be used, and the overall reliability of the server room's cold source needs are reduced. 3.6 Server reliability is improved and life span is extended 3.6.1 Low chip operating temperature and reduced energy consumption Since the conversion efficiency of liquid energy efficiency far exceeds that of air, and the liquid cooling system can directly dissipate heat to the chips and other key components of the server, the heat dissipation is precise and efficient, so the operating temperature of the key components of the server is significantly lower than the conventional air cooling heat dissipation temperature, and the temperature is constant, and the system can continue to run at high load, doubling the efficiency; and since the spray liquid cooling and submerged liquid cooling remove the server system fan, they can directly The energy consumption of the server is reduced by about 15% to 25%, while the cold plate type is reduced by about 5% to 10%. 3.6.2 Improved server lifetime The increase of server life is mainly reflected in two aspects. ① As the chip works mainly at a lower temperature and at a constant temperature, when reducing the vibration of the fan work (spray and submerged liquid cooling), it can significantly improve the life of the chip. ②Since the spray and submerged liquid-cooled server room is submerged in the coolant, the server does not need to be in contact with the air in the room, avoiding the accumulation of airborne dust and other particles in the server that can cause equipment failure. In addition, it also directly reduces the corrosion of the servers by moisture and dust in the environment, which improves the reliability and extends the service life of the equipment. 3.7 Low equipment maintenance expenses Compared with the spray and submerged liquid cooling, cold plate type liquid cooling system operation and maintenance costs are high, even more than the air-cooled system, mainly because of its use of pure water equipment operation and maintenance expenses are relatively high, and with the use of years of growth in costs almost doubled. Spray and submerged liquid cooling system has a simple structure, the number of components of the equipment is small, such as the number of equipment that eliminates the refrigeration host, air-cooled air conditioning, the probability of equipment failure will be reduced. In terms of the whole life cycle of the equipment, on the one hand, it reduces the spare parts of the equipment, and on the other hand, it can also reduce the manpower expenditure of the maintenance part at a later stage. The cold plate type is an additional set of liquid cooling pipes compared to the air-cooled system, and the system is more complicated. However, the coolant of partial immersion liquid cooling system uses fluorinated liquid phase change method, which requires overall shutdown for maintenance, and there is difficulty in maintenance, and the filling volume of liquid cooling coolant is the largest. From the three forms, the spray liquid cooling system, in addition to having a simple system, can do online maintenance, maintenance costs in the three for the lowest, overall in the later equipment life-cycle management, the overall maintenance costs of expenditure is the simplest, is the best one of the three ways. 3.8 Large upfront investment in equipment As liquid-cooled equipment is still in its infancy, the current liquid-cooled form is extremely small compared to traditional air-cooled rooms, coupled with some key materials such as coolant and other temporary monopoly by some companies, compared to conventional rooms, the initial investment in equipment is larger, and because some of the equipment needs to be customized, such as servers, when the required number of small cases, the cost is higher, the general initial investment for the traditional room 3 times More than. When the single cabinet management equipment density in more than 20kW and more than 500 cabinets, the cost will have a greater reduction. 3.9 Customer acceptance needs to be improved Liquid-cooled cabinets belong to a newer way, at present, customer acceptance is not as good as the acceptance of conventional air-cooled cabinets; because of the current investment in liquid-cooled rooms and the power density of the cabinets is greater, but with reference to the current social molding cases, the general power of liquid-cooled cabinets in 10 to 20kW or more, it is difficult to reach customer acceptance, the current basic use or transformation for own users, I believe that later with the liquid-cooled It is believed that with the promotion of liquid-cooled cabinets, the acceptance level of customers will be improved. Conclusion In summary, the advantages of spray liquid cooling compared with the other two liquid cooling methods are mainly reflected in the low weight of the server room, less coolant filling, simple system and low noise in the server room. Combined with the current characteristics of data scaling, there is a large utilization space in the application of server room renovation, upgrade of enterprise self-use server rooms, BBU small units in the communication industry, and there is a huge energy-saving potential in the use of natural energy, which is a new data center cooling method worth recommending.

This paper introduces the traditional heat exchange methods in data centers and the three liquid cooling methods commonly used at present, and describes the composition forms of the three liquid cooling methods, compares the advantages and disadvantages of each of the three liquid cooling methods, and introduces them in a targeted manner in terms of energy saving, noise, land occupation, arrangement methods, environmental requirements, server reliability, maintenance expenditures and customer acceptance, respectively. Keywords: data center; liquid cooling; cold plate; spraying; submersion 1 Introduction of liquid cooling system The traditional data center cooling method is air cooling, i.e., using air as the refrigerant to transfer heat to the heat-generating parts of the server and take away the heat. The IDC liquid cooling system is a technology that uses liquid instead of air as the refrigerant to heat the heated parts and take away the heat. When using liquid cooling method, it is necessary to use liquid cooling server. This server refers to a server that injects liquid into the server to take away heat from the server through cold and heat exchange. The composition of the liquid cooling system mainly contains the primary side heat exchange part and the secondary side heat exchange part. The primary side refers to the loop that takes away heat from the server and carries out the loop medium for heat dissipation on the secondary side, and the secondary side refers to the loop that discharges heat from the primary side to the outdoor environment or other heat recovery units. 2 The main forms of liquid cooling methods Liquid cooling forms are mainly divided into spray type, cold plate type and submerged type, the main difference between the three is reflected in the different ways of heat dissipation to the server. Spray liquid cooling is the coolant through the spray on the server cooling components to take away the heat generated by the server; cold plate liquid cooling is in the server CPU and other large power consumption components using liquid cooling plate cooling, other small number of heat generating devices (such as hard disk, interface cards, etc.) still using air cooling cooling system; submerged liquid cooling refers to the server's heat generating components completely submerged in the coolant, through the coolant of the convection or phase change of the coolant to remove the heat of the server cooling system. Secondly, spray submerged servers do not have fans, while fans exist in cold plate servers. The details are described as follows. 2.1 Sprayed liquid cooling system Spray direct liquid cooling is a precise spraying, direct contact liquid cooling technology for electronic equipment devices. Coolant can be sprayed directly onto the heat-generating devices of IT equipment or the solid heat-conducting materials connected to them through gravity or system pressure, and heat exchange with them to achieve thermal management of IT equipment. In the process of heat exchange, the free liquid level of the coolant in the IT equipment is lower than the heat generating device or the solid heat-conducting material connected to it, and the system can exchange heat to the coolant through the heat exchange unit outside the IT equipment to meet the requirement of recycling. 2.2 Cold plate type liquid cooling system The basic working principle of cold plate type liquid cooling cabinet is described as follows: using cold plate assembly and high heat flow density components contact, heat generation through the cooling media in the cold plate assembly export, and then through one or more cooling circuit heat exchange transfer, and finally the equipment heat will be distributed to the external environment or recycling a liquid cooling realization method. 2.3 Submerged liquid cooling system The basic working principle of submerged liquid cooling cabinet is described as follows: a form of heat dissipation by submerging the electronic information equipment in the coolant and taking away the heat by the coolant. According to the different forms of coolant heat dissipation process, it is divided into phase change and and single-phase liquid cooling.

The stable equipment in the computer room is based on stable environmental factors such as normal temperature, no water leakage, and no fire hazard. The premise of determining whether these factors are stable is to have a set of environmental parameters monitoring system in the computer room configured according to the conventional configuration, so as to realize the environmental management before, during and after the event. What are the functional characteristics of the conventional computer room environmental monitoring system? 1. Monitor environmental parameters such as temperature change value, relative humidity percentage, presence or absence of smoke, infrared monitoring status, water immersion, air-conditioning outlet temperature, and computer room set temperature. 2. It can count a large amount of measurement information, and use logic programs to analyze the dynamic changes of temperature control equipment and environmental parameters. 3. In case of unbalanced temperature, accumulated water, etc. monitored by the system, an alarm message can be sent to the person in charge of the computer room by text message or phone immediately, and the abnormal environment can be dealt with in time. 4. Monitor the status of multiple devices in real time and support the query of detailed device information 5. You can use IE, Google, QQ and other browsers to log in to the system, remotely and instantly understand environmental information, and support advanced equipment linkage control. 6. The software is based on an efficient, convenient and highly distributed B/S architecture, and adopts the mainstream ARM chip for embedded computer room environment monitoring. The program is written and implemented in rigorous and accurate C++ programming language, which can prevent viruses and intrusions, and ensure the stability and reliability of system operation to the greatest extent. After using the enterprise computer room environmental parameter monitoring system, the pressure and difficulty of the staff are reduced, and the essential improvement has been seen from the perspective of long-term maintenance and safety. At present, the system has been applied in computer rooms in different industries in China, and has become a key factor in maintaining the stability of the computer room environment.

The improvement of the overall energy efficiency of the data center is inseparable from the improvement of the energy efficiency of its components, or the improvement of the energy efficiency of the equipment can directly and effectively improve the energy efficiency of the data center, such as improving the energy efficiency of servers and reducing power loss. To the bottleneck, its energy efficiency cannot be improved again or the cost rises sharply due to the improvement of energy efficiency. When difficulties in improving the energy efficiency of equipment are encountered, methods to improve the energy efficiency of the system are usually adopted. For example, through load optimization, the server can work in a highly energy-efficient state, and the standby server can be optimized. For matching, because the flexibility of energy efficiency in the system is relatively large, it usually starts from a small system, gradually introduces more variables, and involves more and more systems. At the same time, considering management factors, it has become an organizational method to improve energy efficiency way. 1. Product energy saving technology 1.1 Server The essential role of a data center is to provide computing resources, and the largest proportion of data center energy consumption is the energy consumption of information equipment. It is unreasonable to simply pursue extremely low power usage efficiency (PUE) aside from computing power. 1.2 Rack-level energy-saving optimization technology Cabinet-level energy-saving technologies mainly include: automatic power adjustment according to load changes caused by business volume and business type; adopting a complete power supply and distribution method to improve the power density of a single cabinet; increasing computing density, unified power supply and shared cooling management and other technical measures. 2. System energy efficiency improvement technology Reasonable air-conditioning air organization at the end is the basis and premise of energy saving and consumption reduction of air-conditioning system. Increasing the supply and return air temperature of precision air conditioners and the supply and return water temperature of cooling sources, such as SHUYI Cybermaster Series and Cool-row Series precision air conditioning, has always been the consensus of energy saving in data center HVAC systems, but often the above energy-saving measures cannot achieve the theoretical high-efficiency energy-saving goals due to unreasonable end airflow. Reasonable airflow organization is reflected in the uniform distribution of air-conditioning cold airflow in the air inlet area of the cabinets in the data center room, and the temperature fields in the vertical and horizontal directions are in a relatively balanced state. The application of AI intelligent control technology helps to improve the energy efficiency of data centers, and is mainly used in power supply and distribution systems and refrigeration and air conditioning systems. Increasing the use of renewable energy is a key step in reducing carbon emissions. The AI intelligent control technology is applied to the automatic control logic of the refrigeration and air conditioning system. By predicting outdoor weather parameters, analyzing load changes, calculating the characteristics of cold source equipment, optimizing the control logic of the cold source system, and maximizing the use of outdoor natural cold sources, the realization of High efficiency and energy saving of refrigeration system. 3. Improving energy efficiency at the organizational level There are many factors that affect the energy consumption of data centers, including server systems, air conditioning and refrigeration systems, power supply and distribution systems, equipment room decoration, lighting, power distribution equipment, power supply and distribution cables, etc., and even the level of operation and maintenance will affect the data center. As a result, SHUYI Modular Data Center, Container Data Center Solutions could be the best choice for customer to control comsumption. Through the sub-item monitoring and analysis of the operating load and energy efficiency of each subsystem of the data center, the energy consumption problems existing in the operation of each subsystem are found, and the operation adjustment and technical improvement of each subsystem are targeted to reduce the cost of the data center. power consumption and improve overall energy efficiency.

While cooling systems need to work reliably, they should also work as efficiently as possible. IT thermal management systems account for approximately 38% of the total energy consumption in a typical data center. A precision cooling or thermal management system built for reliability and efficiency must be selected. Some features to look for include: Variable capacity fan and compressor. Components that can be adjusted to the actual conditions of the room to provide only the cooling and airflow required are key to controlling energy usage and spending to ensure sustainability. For example, variable speed fan technology can automatically adjust up or down 25-100% depending on the system. By matching airflow output to the load requirements in the space, rather than operating at peak load 100% of the time, these fans can reduce fan energy consumption by up to 76%. Dual compressors and power redundancy. Precision air conditioning or thermal management systems should be designed to provide 24/7 operation and prevent potential component failure. Look for built-in redundancy for critical components. Connecting network elements together as a team can also help ensure 100% availability of equipment. economic system. An optional economizer system allows the cooling unit to utilize cooler outside air temperatures to help meet indoor cooling requirements. For example, pumped refrigerant economizers can be used in air-cooled systems, and small pumps can circulate cold refrigerant when the outside ambient temperature is low enough. Energy savings is also an option in water-cooled and glycol-cooled direct expansion systems when the temperature of the water or glycol drops due to the lower ambient temperature outside. Regardless of system type, energy savings reduces the amount of necessary mechanical cooling or cooling, resulting in a significant reduction in energy consumption. Optional humidifier . To avoid electrostatic discharges that can damage servers or increase cooling capacity when using evaporative cooling systems, humidifiers can add the required moisture to a data center or IT space. High efficiency air filtration . This promotes clean air in the space and prevents dust and debris from affecting the performance of sensitive IT equipment.

Global warming and a heat wave! On July 19, Google and Oracle's servers went down due to hot weather, causing some websites and services to go down. Google said one of its data centers in the United Kingdom experienced a cooling system failure due to the hot weather. This caused some servers to stop working. Several cloud services in Europe experienced high error rates, delays or were inaccessible. Google shut down some machines to prevent further damage. The extreme heat also caused Oracle's data centers to go down. The company said that while shutting down some of its equipment would result in customers not being able to access some cloud infrastructure services, it had to do so to prevent increased system failures. Oracle is working to fix its cooling system. While it is not clear how many users were affected by the outage, it is bound to take a toll on users who use Oracle and Google Cloud Services to host their sites. During the hot summer months, data centers are prone to failure. High temperatures lead to a significant increase in the chance of server replacement parts. The temperature of the server room is generally controlled at 20°C-26°C. Once the temperature of the server room is too high, it will lead to equipment downtime, even data loss, component and storage media damage. The continuous high temperature will overload the cooling equipment and overheat its own system, which will easily cause the cooling equipment to fail, thus causing the whole data center to be paralyzed. High temperatures also make the air in the server room dry, which generates static electricity and poses a fire hazard. In addition, dust can also cause high temperature inside the equipment of the server room, which cannot dissipate heat in time. Therefore, regular dust removal and maintenance of the server room is needed to eliminate safety hazards. All these add to the operation and maintenance cost of the data center. High temperature weather can also be a test for power supply systems. High loads can lead to sudden power outages and even damage to server hard drives. the life of the UPS battery has a lot to do with the ambient temperature, and every 1°C rise in the operating temperature significantly reduces its life. If too much dust accumulates, it may also cause a short circuit in the battery. high UPS chassis temperatures may explode and cause a fire in the server room. In the context of global warming, data centers are facing increasing challenges of extreme weather. To reduce the impact of hot weather, the industry continues to explore. One of the most disruptive solutions is to build data centers under the sea. The average PUE of the national data center in FY2021 is 1.49. The NDRC and the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology require new data centers to have a PUE of 1.3 or less. And the PUE of single cabin of submarine data center is only 1.076, which has a broad application prospect.

After the full launch and orderly implementation of "East Data and West Computing", data centers have entered a new era of development, and a series of R&D and practices have been carried out by relevant entities around high technology, high computing power, high energy efficiency and high security. Among them, the exploration for energy storage system can be said to be of great concern. This stems from the various benefits that energy storage systems can bring. In theory, a perfect energy storage system can carry out effective peak shaving and valley filling. By storing energy, the energy storage system can supply power during the peak of electricity price and store energy during the trough of electricity price, which can reduce the investment of electricity and help data center save cost. At the same time, energy storage systems can also drive energy and carbon reduction in data centers. So, what should data centers pay attention to during the development of energy storage systems? First, the cost of application, technological developments and implementation conditions are crucial. The cost is for commercial consideration, the market environment, the cost and benefit must be balanced in order for the enterprise to achieve development, which is also the basis for the adoption of energy storage system. The requirements of technology development and implementation conditions are based on the basic responsibilities of energy storage systems. The most basic purpose of energy storage is to carry out energy use and ensure the smooth operation of data centers. This requires that energy storage technology is not only advanced, but more importantly, mature and has the conditions for implementation. If the emerging energy storage technology or solution cannot guarantee stable power supply, Chai Fa is instead a better choice. Secondly, the energy storage system is a part of the data center, and its construction will affect the layout of the whole data center. This impact can be divided into two aspects, one is the impact from the construction itself, the data center is a whole, any change in one of the links will affect the overall pattern. For example, BIPV (Building Integrated Photovoltaic), which uses the surface of the building to absorb solar energy, has the advantage of making full use of space, but the impact on building load bearing, construction difficulty and design cannot be ignored. The second is the impact on operation and maintenance. The industry of data center is characterized by long-cycle operation, and once built, the operation cycle is as long as 20 to 30 years. The added or improved energy storage system requires long-term management, which increases the difficulty of operation and maintenance, and even requires the training of professional technicians to be responsible for it, increasing the cost of the data center. In addition, there is a topic that cannot be bypassed in the R&D and practice of energy storage system, which is the physical carrier of energy storage - battery. At present, there are two main types of battery applications in data centers: lithium batteries and lead-acid batteries. Among them, lithium batteries are widely favored. In terms of service life, energy density and space saving, lithium batteries are generally better than lead-acid batteries. However, lithium batteries also have defects at present, mainly in safety performance, and data centers precisely require high safety, which also makes data centers have greater doubts when choosing lithium batteries. Lead-acid batteries with mature technology and high safety are currently the mainstream batteries for data center applications, but most lead-acid batteries cannot be compared with lithium batteries in terms of battery capacity and service life, etc. However, lead-acid batteries currently also have technical breakthroughs. Such as OPzV solid-state batteries, Rui Da International Group deputy general manager and chief engineer Liu Zhaoyong said, compared to lithium batteries, OPzV solid-state lead batteries are safer and can reach more than 98% in terms of recyclability, and are currently performing better in terms of cost and acceptance. From a comprehensive point of view, in the context of the "East is West" and under the requirement of green low-carbon development, the development of data center energy storage is an inevitable trend, but it is still in the exploration stage, and there is more room for optimization in terms of technology and solutions.

360-degree capture of athletes' movements, invisible fouls under ultra-high-speed cameras, bullet-like special effects, 4K and even 8K ultra-high-definition images... With the support of digital technology, the Beijing Winter Olympics will be enjoyed by more than 2 billion people around the world an audio-visual feast. A series of digital technologies have shown that the total amount of data in China is constantly rising. According to the forecast of the International Data Center (IDC), by 2025, China will generate about 27% of the world's data, with nearly 48ZB (about 10 trillion bytes). The huge amount of data promotes the continuous growth of China's GDP, but also poses new challenges to the development of China's data centers and the improvement of computing power. Based on this, this year's government work report proposed the implementation of the ‘East-to-West Computing’project. The implementation of the ‘East-to-West Computing’ project can promote the balance of supply and demand of data centers, rational layout, green and intensive between developed cities and developing cities in China. Adequate clean energy security and low-cost electricity price support, relatively low land supply costs and cool climate in the western region are the basis for the development of data centers in the western region and reliving the huge demand for computing power in the east, which will improve the country’s overall computing power level, promote green development, expand effective investment, and promote coordinated regional development. At the same time, promoting the development of China's digital economy, unleashing the potential of data elements, better empowering economic development and enriching people's lives have become the main issues that the government should be currently dealing with. How to release the potential of data, give full play to the potential of data and make it the biggest driving force for the development of the national economy? This is obviously inseparable from a strong computing power system as a support. Efficiently increasing computing power, efficient cooling of the data center becomes the key! One of the concepts of the ‘East-to-West Computing’ project is to reduce the energy consumption of the cooling system. The cooling scheme under different climates is an important basis for the ‘East-to-West Computing’, and the cooling industry related to data centers will also face to a new opportunity. As one of the leading companies in cooling systems, SHUYI has launched three types of precision air conditioners which are Cool-smart, Cool-row and CyberMaster, for different types of computer rooms according to the different needs of the regional hub data centers for PUE. They can help data center equipment cool more efficiently, ensure the smooth operation of equipment, reduce enterprise energy consumption, and promote the green and intensive development of enterprises.

Data is the lifeblood of today’s global digital economy, powering a wide range of industrial activities, from retail and manufacturing to infrastructure and transportation, and data centers are the backbone of this influx of data. As the proliferation of data in our digital world accelerates at an alarming rate, more than 175ZB of data is expected to be generated annually by 2025. As digital transformation is driving data-intensive applications such as IoT and cloud computing, the role of the data center is also expanding, becoming an important intersection of personal, business and economic data. As part of an ever-growing business in the modern world, data centers impact many aspects of how a business operates, including data backup and recovery, networking, website hosting, email management and security, powering the cloud to store applications and e-commerce transactions. To meet global demand, hyperscale providers have been building data centers and expanding their fleets over the past few years. However, the complexities of operating and maintaining these facilities are creating an unprecedented set of challenges that must be met with new approaches. The world has changed significantly and the way we do business has changed. This change will continue to accelerate. Industrial organizations in all industries are producing and using large amounts of data and therefore need data centers to run their businesses. In the face of the coronavirus pandemic, increased remote work and virtual collaboration ensured that demand for data centers remains strong. Hyperscale suppliers in particular will continue to press ahead with their expansion plans, and we haven't seen a negative impact on this market so far. However, there is a growing need for remote monitoring and management of data centers across a wide area or even a global geographic area. As the global recession forces organizations to re-evaluate their offerings and right-size their operations, we will see more companies move their workloads to the data center. In today's rapidly changing environment, a data center is more than a safe and secure facility with reliable power and networking; it is a valuable addition to many organizations' infrastructures, a reliable extension of IT teams, and an integral element of success. The COVID-19 pandemic has paved the way for digital transformation, as businesses transform how they operate and reinvent themselves to deal with new social distancing measures, restricted movement and supply disruptions. As the post-pandemic reality sets in, the "new normal" will see a new digital age rapidly approaching. Digital capabilities will increasingly be a barometer of economic resilience, and the industries that can thrive in the wake of the Covid-19 crisis are those that can fully digitize. The hospitality industry, for example, is really suffering because it's only partially digitized, which is why dine-in restaurants are empty, but online delivery services are booming. In fact, those industries that are able to remain fully online will finally realize the significant benefits of digitization once the lockdown ends. Cloud computing is also changing the design and deployment of data centers, and while cloud solutions are often delivered over the Internet by third parties, it is now increasingly common to see this model applied within an organization's data center as a private cloud. While industry research indicates a major shift in mindset towards the cloud, the traditional data center model and the cloud are not mutually exclusive. Data center transformation will continue to evolve, and CIOs now see cloud not as an “or” but an “and” compared to traditional data center colocation. The shift to a new computing environment has undoubtedly added complexity, which has wide-ranging implications for how IT managers protect data from malicious attacks or compromises. This is why integrating security into data center designs is critical. As the world economy becomes increasingly reliant on digital infrastructure, meeting the highest standards of governance for these critical assets is both a social and a commercial obligation. Security in particular presents evolving challenges, given that successful business continuity depends on a secure environment. The pandemic has reinforced the importance of data centers and cloud computing to society. In the early days of the crisis, the data center industry was the backbone of the global economy, supporting a massive shift to online services. The pandemic is a watershed event for the world and a defining moment for data centers and the cloud. For many organizations, digital transformation expected to take years has been compressed into days and weeks. Entire industries are being reset, and digital infrastructure is front and center of transformation. The data center industry must quickly adapt to complex new realities. Demand for cloud services will skyrocket in some areas, but shrink in other verticals. As the data market grows exponentially, the intersection of vision and the right technology will be required to create a global digital infrastructure to drive growth in the years ahead.